2D and 3D animation

2D

Rotoscoping

Rotoscoping is an animation technique used by Max Fleischer. He used it in his animated series, Out of the Inkwell that debuted in 1918. Animators draw over frames from a video to create the unique style. It is used for live action and animated films. A good example of rotoscoping is

, made by the Japanese animation studio Zexcs in 2013. This technique was very influential in the film/animation world. Disney used something similar to rotoscoping but instead of tracing over the footage it was used as a reference for character movement in the animation.

Flip book

Flip book animation is a technique were each frame is drawn on a single page of a flip book, so that when you turn the pages, it gives the illusion of movement. It was patented by John Barnes Linnett, as one of the first forms of animation to use linear images instead of circular. Each page has a static image, which is changed slightly to make it seem like it is animated when the pages are flipped through quickly.

Frame by frame

Frame by frame animation also known as stop motion is you draw a set of images that simulate the illusion of motion, One of the oldest forms of frame by frame animation is cell animation, where each frame is drawn separately/by hand on clear gels. Each hand-drawn image is slightly different from the last, creating movement, so when each cell is photographed and put together, it makes an animation.

3D

CGI

CGI (computer-generated imagery) is used to generate animated images using computer graphics. CGI is used for 3D animation although can also be used for 2D, but is most commonly used for 3D computer graphics to create scenes or special effects in movies. It is also used for TV shows, video games, art, etc. CGI is a digital version of stop motion/frame by frame animation, using 3D models. It is easier to manipulate a 3D model rather than a physical model

Claymation

Claymation is another form of stop motion animation. Each asset is sculpted out of clay, normally around an armature, and then placed on a set before a photo is taken. It is then manipulated slightly, and another photo is taken. This process is repeated until the animation is complete. Creating a full length movie using 12 frames per second, if the movie was 90 minutes (5400 seconds), would need around 64,000+ frames/changes using double-framing. Using single shots it would need around 129,600+ frames.

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